Second, we introduce an efficient technique for mapping visual receptive fields (RFs) and apply it to map RFs of neurons from the visual cortex of head-fixed marmosets. Visual receptive field of a typical monkey parietal neuron, for three different eye positions. Visual receptive field organization Increasingly systematic approaches to quantifying receptive fields in primary visual cortex, combined with inspired ideas about functional circuitry, non-linearities, and visual stimuli, are bringing new interest to classical problems. We stimulated the frontal eye field (FEF) of passively fixating monkeys and produced changes in V4 responses similar to known effects of voluntary attention. To determine if mismatch responses in layer 2/3 neurons of mouse primary visual cortex have receptive fields, we used a virtual reality system that allowed us to manipulate visual feedback selectively in small parts of the visual field. Figure 1 A traditional definition of the notion of a receptive field is as a region in the visual field for which a visual sensor/neuron/operator responds to visual stimuli. Some neurons in the visual cortex of awake monkeys visually tracking a moving target showed receptive fields that were excited only by stimulus motion relative to a background, while other neurons responded to any kind of stimulus motion. However, pRFs are only estimates of aggregate voxel-based averages of ten to hundreds of thousands of neurons within fMRI voxels and are a function of (i) the receptive field (RF) sizes of single units belonging to a voxel, (ii) the local Introduction. By definition, the receptive field is the region within the entire visual field that elicits an action potential. Introduction. This paper traces the history of the visual receptive field (RF) from Hartline to Hubel and Wiesel. This article gives an overview of a normative theory of visual receptive fields. Surprisingly, the superior colliculus (SC) has not been restudied with a similar approach, despite its . Methods, 326 (2019), p. 108366 . 3201 . Fig. Introduction. The concepts presented in this work can be easily transferred to other species. Some extended well into both halves of the visual field, while others were confined to the ipsilateral or contralateral side. So far, however, the possible mechanisms that underlie these size changes have not been tested rigorously. Development of Receptive Fields. Visual receptive fields of single units from monkey V1. This paper traces the history of the visual receptive field (RF) from Hartline to Hubel and Wiesel. Most of the useful visual information is from borders/outlines, so this is a method of ignoring redundant information. Color and saturation effects on perception: the Hermann Grid This may lead to a more reliable selection regarding available parameters dedicated to the visual receptive field, with the primary goal of estimating a user's interest. Eye Movements Modulate Visual Receptive Fields 759 Figure 2. Figure 2: On-center and Off-center receptive fields. A means of recording the acivity of the cell. In contrast, previous studies using moving bar stimuli have reported that visual receptive fields (RFs) in VIP are headcentered for a substantial proportion of neurons. Part 1 of 2 videos attempting to explain visual receptive fields and why we need Bipolar Cells to determine the relative activities of our visual receptive f. The rat visual system comprises cortical and subcortical pathways. Hartline (1938, 1940) found that an isolated optic nerve fiber in the frog could be excited by light falling on a small circular area of the retina. Spatiotemporal Responses of a V4 Neuron (a) CRF, perisaccadic-RF, postsaccadic-RF, fixation target (FT), and saccade target (ST). Video explaining the concept of receptive fields in vision. Visual receptive field organization. The concept of receptive fields can be extended further up to the neural system; if many . Receptive fields have been identified for neurons of the auditory system, the somatosensory system (see cutaneous receptive fields ), and the visual system (see visual receptive fields . 4.1 Development of orientation-tuned receptive fields To test the network's ability to develop diverse orientation-tuned receptive fields as observed in visual cortex, we used a sequence from the DDD17: DAVIS Driving Dataset [2]. Abstract. One model ( Marr, 1982; Poggio et al., 1985) describes visual receptive fields as linear spatial filters that send undifferentiated messages from the eye to the brain, where they can be refined and analyzed. Receptive field subregions: The area within the receptive field is subdivided into two regions, center and surround. Hartline (1938, 1940) found that . The influence of attention on visual cortical neurons has been described in terms of its effect on the structure of receptive fields (RFs), where multiple stimuli compete to drive neural responses and ultimately behavior. Neurons in inferotemporal cortex (area TE) of the monkey had visual receptive fields which were very large (greater than 10 by 10 degrees) and almost always included the fovea. Fig. For example, the receptive field of a single photoreceptor is a cone-shaped volume comprising all the visual directions in which light will alter the firing of that cell. This property is called neuronal tuning. Note that only parts of the original figures are shown. A visual receptive field is the portion of the visual field that must be stimulated for a given neuron to fire. It features a 3 minutes long driving sequence mostly on freeways and highways at a somewhat regular speed. Receptive Field Shift and Shrinkage in Macaque Middle Temporal Area through Attentional Gain Modulation By Katharina Anton-Erxleben Synchrony and covariation of firing rates in the primary visual cortex during contour grouping A receptive field constitutes a region in the visual field where a visual cell or a visual operator responds to visual stimuli. The "Pincushion" plot is a representation of cell responsiveness to the visual receptive field for On stimuli (a white spot on a mean luminance grey background). In this figure, we have illustrated a set of receptive fields over the spatial domain that partially overlap, and where all the receptive fields have the same size. The receptive field properties of cells in the visual cortex have been extensively studied; however, the fundamental roles of the two circuits in visual information processing are not well understood. Dynamics of visual receptive fields in the macaque frontal eye field. The cell's average activity relative to baseline at the various probe spatial locations is shown as color-coded activity maps. He called this area the RF, using a term first introduced by Sherrington (1906) in the . Spatiotemporal Responses of a V4 Neuron (a) CRF, perisaccadic-RF, postsaccadic-RF, fixation target (FT), and saccade target (ST). Abstract. Receptive fields (RF) in the visual cortex can change their size depending on the state of the individual. See also: field. Neurons in the primate association cortices have long been known to be spatially selective but a detailed characterisation and direct comparison of RFs between frontal and parietal association cortices are missing. . But, for any given neuron, it may respond best to a subset of stimuli within its receptive field. characteristics. The central (foveal) part of the visual field is represented at the very back and more peripheral regions of the visual field are represented further forward (anterior). A traditional definition of the notion of a receptive field is as a region in the visual field for which a visual sensor/neuron/operator responds to visual stimuli. Mice were head-fixed on a spherical treadmill (. Together, this will promote diversification of the animal model landscape and solidify the . For the sample of receptive field sizes and stimulus locations in our study, this corresponded to an average shift of 3.0° of visual angle or 22% of the receptive field diameter. The LPI is designated the striate-recipient zone because it is the only region of the LP-pulvinar receiving cortical projections from areas 17 and 18. The search for organizing principles of visual processing in cortex has proven long and fruitful, demonstrating specific types of organization arising on multiple scales (e.g., magno-cellular / parvo-cellular pathways [] and ocular dominance columns []).One of the more important larger scale organizing principles of visual cortical organization is the visual field map (VFM . 1. J Neurophysiol, 114(6). Visual receptive fields farther from the fovea . Action potential show of as spikes on the record. Over the past nearly half century since visual responses were first described in the mammalian visual cortex (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962), there has been intensive research into the neural circuit and developmental mechanisms that give rise to selective receptive field (RF) properties.However, although the description of visual encoding has become increasingly more quantitative . The clusters of receptive fields were recorded within .1 mm of each other on the cortical surface. To assess physiological consequences of this change, we have measured visual receptive-field size in a primary retinal target, the superior colliculus. This reflects a changing visual resolution according to different demands on information processing during drowsiness. Individual cells in the visual cortex respond to light stimuli on particular locations (receptive fields) on the retina, and the structure of these receptive fields can change in different . Some neurons in the visual cortex of awake monkeys visually tracking a moving target showed receptive fields that were excited only by stimulus motion relative to a background, while other neurons responded to any kind of stimulus motion. This paper presents a theory for what types of receptive field . If this cell is in the visual system it could be located in the retina or lateral geniculate nucleus or even the visual cortex. Receptive fields in the retina have been classically treated as elliptical center-surround structures, with the parts being either ON or OFF, and antagonistic between them. Learned receptive fields from (a) Miikkulainen et al. Shown here are oriented Gabor patterns with the same phase and spatial frequency (dark represents inhibitory region and bright excitatory region). Abstract. The purpose of the current study is therefore threefold: (1) to quantitatively describe visual receptive field properties in the SC of wild-type mice, (2) to reveal cortical influence on SC receptive fields, and (3) to determine the requirement of visual experience in SC receptive field development. The receptive fields in mouse dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and primary visual cortex (V1) have been recharacterized recently using modern visual stimuli and quantitative analyses (Grubb and Thompson, 2003; Niell and Stryker, 2008). The size of each square indicates the spatial extent of the receptive field; the location of the square shows the preferred excentricity. In the visual system, visual receptive fields are volumes in visual space. Its apex is located in the center of the lens and its base essentially at infinity in visual space. . No VIP neuron was found to have head-centered visual heading tuning, and only a small proportion of cells had reference frames that were intermediate between eye- and head-centered. However, this use of 'receptive field' is less common and it is usually restricted to cortical neurons whose responses are modulated by visual depth. However, a quantitative analysis of visual receptive field properties had not been performed in the mouse superior colliculus (SC) despite its importance in mouse vision and its usefulness in developmental studies. The requirements of visual analysis are highly dependent upon the ongoing or intended behavior. The visual receptive field physiology and anatomical connections of the lateral intraparietal area (area LIP), a visuomotor area in the lateral bank of the inferior parietal lobule, were investigated in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).Afferent input and physiological properties of area 5 neurons in the medial bank of the intraparietal sulcus (i.e., area PEa) were also determined. Analogously, the receptive field of a neuron is the portion of the sensory field that affects the signalling of that neuron. In the cat's visual cortex, the receptive field arrangements of single cells suggest that there is indeed a degree of complexity far exceeding anything yet seen at lower levels in the visual system. Knowing the receptive field properties of a neuron helps to understand its possible function in the brain. Eye Movements Modulate Visual Receptive Fields 759 Figure 2. We stimulated the frontal eye field (FEF) of passively fixating monkeys and produced changes in V4 responses similar to known effects of voluntary attention. The shape of the receptive fields (mostly Gabor-like) largely derive from the statistical properties of natural images. One function of a centre-surround set-up is to highlight the contrast at borders. (Adapted from Andersen, Issick, and Siegel 1985.) For instance, the entire area that an eye can see is called the visual field, and the patch of the visual field that any single neuron monitors is that cell's receptive field. We have made single-unit extracellular recordings from superficial layers of the SC in urethane-anesthetized C57BL/6 mice. For example, a neuron that has a visual receptive field and prefers vertical 1. For each location in visual space, all of the trials (~115) for an On stimulus are ranked and represented as dots, where the relative intensity of red hue corresponds to the strength . [Image 2 - right]. Using multiunit recording, receptive-field sizes were measured for glaucomatous eyes and compared to both those measured for contralateral control eyes and to homolateral eyes of unoperated animals. [1] (b) Bell and Sejnowski [7] and (c) Olshausen and Field [6] are shown. So if this is visual space, then what you find is, that if you record from the region of visual space that is a concerned with the machinery that's dedicated to processing central vision information, the receptive fields are quiet small, fraction of a visual degree or a couple of visual degrees. . The history of the visual receptive field (RF) from Hartline to Hubel and Wiesel is traced, paving the way for a better understanding of how objective properties of the external world are encoded to become subjective properties of a subjective, perceptual world. For sensory receptor neurons, the receptive field is the type of effective stimulation (e.g., light, sound, mechanical pressure) and the range of sensitive locations (e.g., center of visual field, left auditory field, tip of right thumb). Referring as it does to a region, a receptive field is fundamentally a spatial entity (a portion of the visual field or retina, or a portion of the body surface); that makes the most sense in the visual and somatosensory systems. Visual Receptive Fields (VRFs). The RF size and their spatial infrastructure were first defined by presentation of stationary flashing stimuli, and horizontal and vertical axes (HA and VA, respectively) of classical RFs were . The . Interestingly, this theory leads to predictions about visual receptive field shapes with qualitatively very good similarity to biological receptive fields measured in the retina, the LGN and the . The receptive field of a sensory neuron is a region of space in which the presence of a stimulus will alter the firing of that neuron. We present a novel analysis . ulation receptive fields (pRFs) in retinotopically organized visual areas (5-7). The highlighting of contrast borders and ignoring of redundant information explains why the neural image appears different. Current approaches for analyzing neural spiking activity recorded from these experiments do not take into account the point-process nature of these data and the circular geometry of the stimulus presentation. This syndrome is observed primarily after unilateral lesions to the parieto . Dombeck et al., 2007. The concept of receptive field (RF) describes the responsiveness of neurons to sensory space. A traditional definition of the notion of a receptive field is as a region in the visual field for which a visual sensor/neuron/operator responds to visual stimuli. Traditionally, visual receptive fields were portrayed in two dimensions (e.g., as circles, squares, or rectangles), but these are simply slices, cut along the screen on which the researcher presented the stimulus, of the volume of space to which a particular cell will respond. In the present study, we examined the receptive field properties of single neurons isolated in the lateral division of this complex (the LPI). The influence of attention on visual cortical neurons has been described in terms of its effect on the structure of receptive fields (RFs), where multiple stimuli compete to drive neural responses and ultimately behavior. In early visual areas, investigators have mapped RFs in detail using stochastic stimuli and sophisticated analytical approaches. The retinotopic position of the receptive field is invariant across eye positions but the gain of the response changes. When the motion cue in one hemi visual field is closer than the other side, the speed difference is similar to the difference caused by the rotation interference. Introduction. 1956; Hartline & Ratliff, 1957, 1958).These investigators described the spatial structure of receptive fields as being divided into 'on' and 'off ' regions. A receptive field constitutes a region in the visual field where a visual cell or a visual operator responds to visual stimuli. pp. One of the most intensively studied modulating parameter is attention, and several studies have reported the effects of manipulating its characteristics on the visual responses of neurons and on the structure of their receptive fields (RFs). The concept of receptive fields is initially introduced to explain reflexes produced by a stimulus in the somatosensory area of a body surface [].This notion is then extended in Ref. Only qualitatively has it been suggested that state . However, a fixed relationship between the two holds only for a fixed eye position. This includes the distinction and hierarchy between simple and complex . In a previous paper we described receptive fields of single cortical cells, observing responses to spots of light shone on one or both retinas . High throughput, rapid receptive field estimation for global motion sensitive neurons using a contiguous motion noise stimulus. The receptive field, as modified by recent discoveries, is still used today to experimentally characterize cortical neurons. In this figure, we have illustrated a set of receptive fields over the spatial domain that partially overlap, and where all the receptive fields have the same size. This paper presents a theory for what types of receptive field . This includes the distinction and hierarchy between simple and c … the region of the visual field in which light stimuli evoke responses in the ganglion cell. Regularities of spatial expansion of receptive fields (RFs) of visually sensitive neurons upon application of moving visual images were investigated in the cat extrastriate visual cortex (area 21a). For an ON-center cell to fire, it needs to be stimulated by light mainly on its center, while for an OFF-center cell, it fires when the light is mainly on its surround. A microelectrode that penetrates the cell body of a single-cell. In this figure, we have illustrated a set of receptive fields over the spatial domain that partially overlap, and where all the receptive fields have the same size. Early work on visual electrophysiology characterized the responses of retinal neurones to the onset of bright and dark spots of light on various locations of the receptive field (Kuffler, 1953; Barlow, 1953; Hartline et al. One model (Marr, 1982; Poggio et al., 1985) describes visual receptive fields as linear spatial filters that send undifferentiated messages from the eye to the brain, where they can be refined and analyzed. The cell's average activity relative to baseline at the various probe spatial locations is shown as color-coded activity maps. Neuronal receptive fields (RFs) provide the foundation for understanding systems-level sensory processing. Visual receptive fields are sometimes described as 3-dimensional volumes in visual space to include depth in addition to planar space. Receptive fields can be conceptualized as spatial tuning curves with an excitatory center and a suppressive surround, the latter of which is thought to consist of a classical surround underpinned by lateral (intra-areal) connections and a wider extraclassical surround linked to feedback connections from higher order visual areas [8, 26-29]. 1. The receptive field of a sensory neuron is a region of space in which the presence of a stimulus will alter the firing of that neuron. We describe how idealized functional models of early spatial, spatio-chromatic and spatio-temporal receptive fields can be derived in a principled way, based on a set of axioms that reflect structural properties of the environment in combination with assumptions about the internal structure of a vision system to . This body of data, in combination with the tractability of the murine .
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